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RESEARCH

Dave Vesely, Pacific Wildlife Research, Corvallis, Oregon.
Although the oaks of the Pacific Northwest have not been studied as intensively as commercial tree species in the region, hundreds of scientific papers and government reports have been written on different aspects of oak ecology and management. The following bibliography includes a selection of literature that may be of broad interest to ecologists, land managers, and restoration practitioners. Two recent bibliographies are excellent sources of further research information:

Fuchs, Marilyn A. 2001. Towards a Recovery Strategy for Garry Oak and Associated Ecosystems in Canada: Ecological Assessment and Literature Review. Technical Report GBEI/EC-00-030. Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service, Pacific and Yukon Region. URL: http://www.goert.ca/

Harrington, C.A. and M. Kallas. 2002. A bibliography for Quercus garryana and other geographically associated and botanically related oaks. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-554. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 115 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/publications/index.shtml

The bibliography has been arranged according to the following six topics:
  • Autecology [species-specific studies]
  • Plant Community Studies
  • Ecological Restoration
  • Oak Management
  • Wildlife & Invertebrate Studies
  • Human Culture and Oaks
Autecology

Coblentz, B.E. 1980. Production of Oregon white oak acorns in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Wildlife Society Bulletin 8:348-350.

Fuchs, M.A., P.G. Krannitz, and A.S. Harestad. 2000. Factors affecting emergence and first-year survival of seedlings of Garry oaks (Quercus garryana) in British Columbia, Canada. For. Ecol. Manage. 137:209-219.\

Fuchs, M.A.; Krannitz, P.G.; Harestad, A.S.; Bunnell, F.L. 1997. Seeds that fly on feathered wings: acorn dispersal by Steller's jays. In: Pillsbury, N.H.; Verner, J.; Tietje, W.D., eds. Proceedings of a symposium on oak woodlands: ecology, management, and urban interface issues. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-160. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 648- 650. URL: http://www.psw.fs.fed.us/Tech_Pub/gtrs.html

Glendenning, R. 1944. The Garry oak in British Columbia - an interesting example of discontinuous distribution. Can. Field-Nat. 58:61-65.

Hibbs, D.E. and B.J. Yoder. 1993. Development of Oregon white oak seedlings. Northw. Sci. 67:30-36.

Papanikolas, S. 1997. The effects of shade and planting date on Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) Seedlings. M.Sc. Thesis, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA.

Stein, W.I. 1990. Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. Pp. 650-660 in R.M. Burns and B.H. Honkala, tech. coords. Silvics of North America. Volume 2. Agricultural Handbook 654. US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Timber Management Research, Washington, DC.

Taylor, R.J. and T.R. Boss. 1975. Biosystematics of Quercus garryana in relation to its distribution in the state of Washington. Northw. Sci. 49:49-57.

Thilenius, J.F. 1968. The Quercus garryana forests of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Ecology 49:1124-1133.

Voeks, R.A. 1981. The Biogeography of Oregon White Oak (Quercus garryana) in Central Oregon. M.Sc. Thesis, Portland State Univ., Portland, OR.
Plant Community Studies

Agee, J.K. 1990. The historical role of fire in Pacific Northwest forests. In: Walstad, J.D.; Radosevich, S.R.; Sandberg, D.V., eds. Natural and prescribed fire in Pacific Northwest forests. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press: 25-38.

Allen, G.B.; Brown, K.J.; Hebda, R.J. 1999. Surface pollen spectra from southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany. 77(6):786-799.

Barnhart, S.J.; McBride, J.R.; Warner, P. 1996. Invasion of northern oak woodlands by Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco in the Sonoma Mountains of California. Madroņo. 43(1): 28-45.

Barnosky, C.W. 1981. A record of late-Quaternary vegetation from Davis Lake, southern Puget Lowland, Washington. Quaternary Research. 16: 221-239.

Erickson, W.R. 1996. Classification and interpretation of Garry oak (Quercus garryana) plant communities and ecosystems in southwestern British Columbia. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria. 530 p. M.S. thesis.

Franklin, J.F.; Dyrness, C.T. 1988. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press. 452 p. (110-129)

Habeck, J.R. 1961. The original vegetation of the mid-Willamette Valley, Oregon. Northwest Science. 35(2): 65-77.

Hansen, H.P. 1938. Postglacial forest succession and climate in the Puget Sound region. Ecology. 19(4): 528-542.

Johannessen, C.L., W.A. Davenport, A. Millet, and S. McWilliams. 1971. The vegetation of the Willamette Valley. Assoc. Am. Geogr. Annals 61:286-302.

Lang, F.A. 1961. A study of vegetation change on the gravelly prairies of Pierce and Thurston Counties, western Washington. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. 109 p. M.S. thesis.

Merrifield, K. 2000. Bryophytes on isolated Quercus garryana trunks in urban and agricultural settings in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. The Bryologist. 103(4):720-724.

Pike, L.H. 1973. Lichens and bryophytes of a Willamette Valley oak forest. Northwest Science. 47(3): 149-158.

Regan, A.C. 2001. The effects of fire on woodland structure and regeneration of Quercus garryana at Fort Lewis, Washington. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. 69 p. M.S. thesis.

Riegel, G.M., B.G. Smith and J.F. Franklin. 1992. Foothill oak woodlands of the interior valleys of southwestern Oregon. Northw. Sci. 66:66-76.

Ryan, M.W. 1991. Distribution of Bryophytes and Lichens on Garry Oak. M.Sc. Thesis, Univ. of Victoria, Victoria, BC.

Salstrom, D. 1989. Plant Community Dynamics Associated with Quercus garryana on Pt. Disney, Waldron Island, Washington. M.Sc. Thesis, Western Washington Univ., Bellingham, WA.

Smith, W.P. 1985. Plant associations within the interior valleys of the Umpqua River basin, Oregon. Journal of Range Management. 38(6): 526-530.

Sprague, F.L. and H.P. Hansen. 1946. Forest succession in the McDonald Forest, Willamette Valley, Oregon. Northw. Sci. 20:89-98.

Stone, D.F. 1989. Epiphyte succession on Quercus garryana branches in the Willamette Valley of western Oregon. The Bryologist. 92(1): 81-94.

Whitlock, C. 1992. Vegetational and climatic history of the Pacific Northwest during the last 20,000 years: implications for understanding present-day biodiversity. Northwest Environmental Journal. 8: 5-28.
Ecological Restoration

Agee, J.K. 1989. Fire in restoration of Oregon white oak woodlands. Pp. 72-73 in C.C. Hardy and S.F. Arno, eds. The Use of Fire in Forest Restoration. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-341. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT.

Antieau, C.J.; Gaynor, P.E. 1990. Native grassland restoration and creation in western Washington. Restoration and Management Notes. 8(1): 34-35.

Bell, R. and S. Papanikolas. 1997. Restoration planting of Oregon white oak seedlings in western Washington. Pp. 247-257 in P.V. Dunn and K. Ewing, eds. Ecology and Conservation of the South Puget Sound Prairie Landscape. The Nature Conservancy of Washington, Seattle, WA.

Brooks, C.N.; Merenlender, A.M. 2001. Determining the pattern of oak woodland regeneration for a cleared watershed in northwest California: a necessary first step for restoration. Restoration Ecology. 9(1): 1-12.

Reed, L.J. and N.G. Sugihara. 1987. Northern oak woodlands: ecosystem in jeopardy or is it already too late? Pp. 59-63 in T.R. Plumb and N.H. Pillsbury, tech. coords. Proceedings of the Symposium on Multiple-Use Management of California's Hardwood Resources, 12-14 Nov. 1986, San Luis Obispo, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-100. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, CA.

Sugihara, N.G. and L.J. Reed. 1987a. Prescribed fire for restoration and maintenance of Bald Hills oak woodlands. Pp. 446-451 in T.R. Plumb and N.H. Pillsbury, tech. coords. Proceedings of the Symposium on Multiple-Use Management of California's Hardwood Resources, 12-14 Nov. 1986, San Luis Obispo, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-100. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, CA.

Tveten, R.K. and R.W. Fonda. 1999. Fire effects on prairies and oak woodlands on Fort Lewis, Washington. Northw. Sci. 73:145-158.
Oak Management

Barry, S.J.; Knight, R.S.; McCreary, D.D. 1997. Pruning oak resprouts to enhance growth. In: Pillsbury, N.H.; Verner, J.; Tietje, W.D., eds. Proceedings of a symposium on oak woodlands: ecology, management, and urban interface issues. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-160. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 667-670. URL: http://www.psw.fs.fed.us/Tech_Pub/Documents/gtr-160/gtr-160-cover.pdf

Espenas, L.D.; Kozlik, C.J. 1975. Drying Oregon white oak lumber. Res. Pap. 27. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, Forest Research Laboratory. 8 p.

Hall, F.C.; Hedrick, D.W.; Keniston, R.F. 1959. Grazing and Douglas-fir establishment in the Oregon white oak type. Journal of Forestry. 57(2): 98-103.

Hedrick, D.W.; Keniston, R.F. 1966. Grazing and Douglas-fir growth in the Oregon white-oak type. Journal of Forestry. 64(1): 735-738.

Jackson, R.D.; Fulgham, K.O.; Allen-Diaz, B. 1998. Quercus garryana Hook. (Fagaceae) stand structure in areas with different grazing histories. Madroņo 45(4): 275-282.

Larsen, D.R.; Johnson, P.S. 1998. Linking the ecology of natural oak regeneration to silviculture. Forest Ecology and Management. 106(1): 1-7.

Larsen, E.M. 1997. Management Recommendations for Washington's Priority Habitats: Oregon White Oak Woodlands. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA.

Rose, R.; Chachulski, C.E.C.; Haase, D.L. 1998. Propagation of Pacific Northwest native plants. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press. 248 p.

Saenz, L. and J.O. Sawyer, Jr. 1986. Grasslands as compared to adjacent Quercus garryana woodland understories exposed to different grazing regimes. Madroņo 33:40-46.

Sauerwein, W.J. 1983. Oregon white oak. Woodland Series 14 [Tech. Note]. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 5 p.

Standiford, R.B., tech. coord. 1991. Proceedings of the Symposium on Oak Woodlands and Hardwood Rangeland Management, 31 Oct.-2 Nov. 1990, Davis, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-126. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, CA.

Ussery, J.G. and P.G. Krannitz. 1998. Control of Scot's broom (Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link.): the relative conservation merits of pulling versus cutting. Northw. Sci. 72:268-273.
Wildlife and Invertebrate Studies

Anderson, S.H. 1970. The avifaunal composition of Oregon white oak stands. Condor 72:417-423.

Barrett, R.H. 1980. Mammals of California oak habitats: management implications. Pp. 275-291 in T.R. Plumb, tech. coord. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Ecology, Management, and Utilization of California Oaks, 26-28 June 1979, Claremont, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. FS-44. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, CA.

Bayrakci, R.; Carey, A.B.; Wilson, T.M. 2001. Current status of the western gray squirrel population in the Puget Trough, Washington. Northwest Science. 75(4):333-341.

Block, W.M. and M.L. Morrison. 1998. Habitat relationships of amphibians and reptiles in California oak woodlands. J. Herpetol. 32:51-60.

Block, W.M., M.L. Morrison, and J. Verner. 1990. Wildlife and oak-woodland interdependency. Fremontia 18:72-76.

Brown, L.R. 1980. Insects feeding on California oak trees. In: Plumb, T.R., ed.Proceedings of the symposium on the ecology, management, and utilization of California oaks. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-44. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station: 184-194.

Clark, B.K and D.W. Kaufman. 1990. Short-term responses of small mammals to experimental fire in tallgrass prairie. Can. J. Zool. 68:2450-2454.

Cornell, H.V. 1985. Local and regional richness of cynipine gall wasps on California oaks. Ecology. 66(4): 1247-1260.

Fox, J.F. 1982. Adaptation of gray squirrel behavior to autumn germination by white oak acorns. Evolution 36:800-809.

Gumtow-Farrior, D.L. 1991. Cavity resources in Oregon white oak and Douglas-fir stands in the mid-Willamette Valley, Oregon. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 89 p. M.S. thesis.

Hagar, J.C.; Stern, M.A. 2001. Avifauna in oak woodlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Northwestern Naturalist. 82: 12-25.

McShea, W.J. 2000. The influence of acorn crops on annual variation in rodent and bird populations. Ecology. 81(1): 228-238.

Miller, J.C. 1990. Field assessment of the effects of a microbial pest control agent on nontarget Lepidoptera. Am. Entomol. 36:135-139.

Miller, J.C., P.E. Hanson and D.N. Kimberling. 1991. Development of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) on Garry oak and red alder in western North America. Environ. Entomol. 20:1097-1101.

Roberts, R.C. 1987. Preserving oak woodland bird species richness: suggested guidelines from geographical ecology. Pp. 190-197 in T.R. Plumb and N.H. Pillsbury, tech. coords. Proceedings of the Symposium on Multiple-Use Management of California's Hardwood Resources, 12-14 Nov. 1986, San Luis Obispo, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-100. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, CA.

Rodrick, E.A. 1986. Survey of historic habitats of the western gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus) in the southern Puget Trough and Klickitat County, Washington. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. 41 p. M.S. thesis.

Rohlfs, D.A. 1999. A Study of Acorn Feeding Insects Filbert Weevil (Curculio occidentis (Casey)) and Filbertworm (Cydia latiferreana (Walsingham)) on Garry Oak (Quercus garryana) (Dougl.)) in the Southeastern Vancouver Island Area. M.Sc. Thesis, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.

Ryan, L.A. and A.B. Carey. 1995. Biology and Management of the Western Gray Squirrel and Oregon White Oak Woodlands: With Emphasis on the Puget Trough. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-348. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.

Siemann, E., J. Haarstad, and D. Tilman. 1997. Short-term and long-term effects of burning on oak savanna arthropods. Am. Midl. Nat. 137:349-601.

Smith, J.L. 1995. Life History, Survivorship, and Parasitoid Complex of the Jumping Gall Wasp, Neuroterus saltatorius (Edwards), on Garry Oak, Quercus garryana Douglas. M.Sc. Thesis, Univ. of Victoria, Victoria, BC.

Van Dersal, W.R. 1940. Utilization of oaks by birds and mammals. Journal of Wildlife Management. 4(4): 404-428.

Wilson, S.M.; Carey, A.B. 2001. Small mammals in oak woodlands in the Puget Trough, Washington. Northwest Science. 75(4): 342-349.
Human Culture and Oaks

Bainbridge, D.A. 1987. The use of acorns for food in California: past, present, future. In: Plumb, T.R.; Pillsbury, N.H., eds. Proceedings of the symposium on multiple-use management of California's hardwood resources. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-100. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station: 453-458.

Boag, P.G. 1992. Environment and experience settlement culture in nineteenth-century Oregon. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 209 p.

Boyd, R. 1986. Strategies of Indian burning in the Willamette Valley. 1986. Can. J. Anthro. 5:65-86.

Hall, F.C. 1956. Use of oak woodlands (Quercus garryana) for farm forestry and grazing in the Willamette Valley. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 80 p. M.S. thesis.

Johnson, H.M. 1933. Oregon white oak: properties and uses. The Timberman:14-16.

Lalande, J.; Pullen, R. 1999. Burning for a "fine and beautiful open country": Native uses of fire in southwestern Oregon. In: Boyd, R., ed. Indians, fire and the land in the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press: 255-276.

Norton, H.H. 1979. The association between anthropogenic prairies and important food plants in western Washington. Anthropological Res. Notes 13:175-200.

Norton, H.H.; Boyd, R.; Hunn, E. 1999. The Klikitat Trail of south-central Washington, a reconstruction of seasonally used resource sites. In: Boyd, R., ed. Indians, fire and the land in the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press: 65-93.

Towle, J.C. 1982. Changing geography of Willamette Valley woodlands. Oregon Historical Quarterly. 83: 66-87.

Turner, N.C. and M.A.M. Bell. 1971. The ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island. Economic Botany 25:63-99.

Towle, J.C. 1979. Settlement and subsistence in the Willamette Valley: some additional considerations. Northw. Anthro. Res. Notes 13:12-21.

Turner, N.J. 1999. "Time to burn:" traditional use of fire to enhance resource production by Aboriginal Peoples in British Columbia. Pp. 185-218 in R. Boyd, ed. Indians, Fire and the Land in the Pacific Northwest. Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis, OR.
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